---
title: "Normalize loudness to −14 or −23 LUFS"
url: https://recursiveai.org/oneaudio/cookbook/normalize-loudness/
description: "Normalize audio loudness in C# with oneaudio: write a copy at −14 LUFS, or −23 LUFS for EBU R 128 broadcast, with a true-peak ceiling, or scale samples in…"
version: "1.2.1"
---

# Normalize loudness to −14 or −23 LUFS

Normalize audio loudness in C# with oneaudio: write a copy at −14 LUFS, or −23 LUFS for EBU R 128 broadcast, with a true-peak ceiling, or scale samples in memory.

```csharp
using OneAudio;
using OneAudio.Loudness;

// File to file at the default target: -14 LUFS, true peak at most -1 dBTP.
NormalizeResult web = Audio.Normalize("music.wav", "music-14.wav");
Console.WriteLine($"-14 LUFS: was {web.Before.IntegratedLufs:F1} LUFS, " +
                  $"gain {web.GainDb:+0.00;-0.00} dB, limited: {web.LimitedByPeak}");

// EBU R 128 broadcast delivery: -23 LUFS. The output format follows the extension.
var broadcastOptions = new NormalizeOptions { TargetLufs = -23 };
NormalizeResult broadcast = Audio.Normalize("game-mix.wav", "game-mix-23.flac", broadcastOptions);
Console.WriteLine($"-23 LUFS: was {broadcast.Before.IntegratedLufs:F1} LUFS, " +
                  $"gain {broadcast.GainDb:+0.00;-0.00} dB");

// A target the ceiling won't allow: the gain stops where the true peak
// reaches -1 dBTP.
var loudOptions = new NormalizeOptions { TargetLufs = -9 };
NormalizeResult loud = Audio.Normalize("game-mix.wav", "game-mix-9.wav", loudOptions);
LoudnessResult after = Audio.Measure("game-mix-9.wav");
Console.WriteLine($"-9 LUFS: gain {loud.GainDb:+0.00;-0.00} dB, limited: {loud.LimitedByPeak}, " +
                  $"result {after.IntegratedLufs:F1} LUFS at {after.TruePeakDbtp:F1} dBTP");

// In memory: a new clip, or samples scaled in place.
AudioClip clip = Audio.Load("voice.wav");
var voiceOptions = new NormalizeOptions { TargetLufs = -16 };
AudioClip level = Audio.Normalize(clip, out NormalizeResult v, voiceOptions);
Console.WriteLine($"voice clip: gain {v.GainDb:+0.00;-0.00} dB, " +
                  $"now {Audio.Measure(level).IntegratedLufs:F1} LUFS");

// Only the number: the gain to reach a target, without touching the audio.
NormalizationGain g = Audio.Measure("music.flac").GainFor(targetLufs: -16);
Console.WriteLine($"music.flac needs {g.GainDb:+0.00;-0.00} dB (x{g.Linear:F3}) for -16 LUFS");
```

```text
-14 LUFS: was -23.0 LUFS, gain +8.98 dB, limited: False
-23 LUFS: was -18.7 LUFS, gain -4.32 dB
-9 LUFS: gain +0.76 dB, limited: True, result -17.9 LUFS at -1.0 dBTP
voice clip: gain +1.60 dB, now -16.0 LUFS
music.flac needs +6.98 dB (x2.234) for -16 LUFS
```

## How it works

- `Audio.Normalize` measures the integrated loudness and true peak, works out the gain that reaches the target, and writes the audio with that gain. It decodes the input twice, once to measure and once to write, so it never holds the whole file in memory.
- The default target is −14 LUFS with a true-peak ceiling of −1 dBTP. `NormalizeOptions.TargetLufs` sets any target, such as −23 for EBU R 128.
- If the gain would push the true peak over the ceiling, the gain is cut back to meet it, and `LimitedByPeak` is true. The target isn’t reached. In the −9 LUFS case above, `game-mix.wav` peaks at −1.8 dBTP, so it could be raised only 0.76 dB. oneaudio applies a gain and nothing else: it doesn’t compress or limit the audio to get louder.
- `TruePeakCeilingDbtp = null` turns the ceiling off, and then a boost can clip when it’s written as integers.
- Silence gets a gain of 0 dB.
- The output format comes from the extension, as in `Audio.Transcode`. `NormalizeOptions.Output` takes the same conversion and encoder options.

## In memory

- `Audio.Normalize(clip, out result, options)` returns a new clip.
- `Audio.Normalize(span, format, options)` scales samples in place.
- `LoudnessResult.GainFor(target, ceiling)` returns the gain without applying it. Note that its default target is −23 LUFS, where `Audio.Normalize` defaults to −14.

To measure without changing anything, see [Measure loudness](https://recursiveai.org/oneaudio/cookbook/measure-loudness/).

A longer guide to EBU R 128 and streaming targets: [Loudness normalization in C#](https://recursiveai.org/oneaudio/articles/loudness-normalization-csharp/).